Types of shares.
The share capital of companies:
a.Nominal or
authorized capital-max amount of mony a co is allowed to raise
b.Issued
capital-already has been raised
c.partly paid
up capital-kogucap-veel loodetav
Types of shares:
a.ordinary
shares
b.preference
shares
1.cummulative
PS-when 1year not paid then next year.
2.Parcipating
PS-voting right
3.Redeemable-ost.varsti
tagasi,cap.tostmise voimal.
c.Debentures-pole
akts.vaid long-term fixd intrest loans.
Types of firms
Private sector:
a.The sole
trader.
1.Adv-no
formal protcedure,private,indipendent decitions
2.Dis-unlim.liability,no
distinction between owner-business(ded), difficult to raise capt techology to
expensv
b.The
Partnership
1.adv-more
capt(still limited),exercises shared
2.dis-unlim
liabil(Lim PS act 1907 allows for 'sleeping partners' .At least 1
unlim.),actions of 1partn are binding on others-abs.confidence,lim.techique
c.Limited
co-The Private lim&teh public lim
1.adv-lim.liab,co
has it own legal existence
2.contr.ownership,control,decitionmaking,risks(capital
losses,revenue losses(gearing ratio-how many pref.share
d.co-operatives
Public sector
1.Public co-centr.govn
a.adv-provide
essential sots.needs,efficency and rationalization,to avoid abuse of monopoly
power,difficult allocation of costs(hinda igale in.on raske maarata),strategic
importance/safety,control over the economy,to reduce inequality,political
belief(people belive that is wrong when essentials is owned by private
b.dis-lack
of the profit,too conservative,too rash(riskib palju),monopoly,bureaucracy(rules)
c.contr.-ministerial,parliamentary(annual),the
board council(everyday),consumer protection(councils)(Static efficency-costs of
prod,dynamic effic-innovation)
2.Municipal
undertakings-local covn
Privatisation
adv-efficency,cons.choice,revenue through sales,increasing share
ownership,competition,the problem of natural monopolies
Demand-various
amounts of a good or service that consumers are willing and can by at various
prices in a given period of time-1.income 2.population 3.seasonal
factors 4.tastes and fashion 5.change in the price of substitutes
6.change in the price of complements
Supply-the
various amount of a good or service producers are willing to put on the market
at various prices in a given period of time 1.change in the price of a
factor of production 2.change in the state of techology 3.govn
intervension 4.new firms entering the industry
Govn intervension-1.imposition
of a tax(ad valorem%,specific£) 2.pays subsidy 3.Imposition of a
max/min price 4.Implementation of a buffer stock system(max&min) 5.imposition
of a quota.